Instruction in Higher Education

Explore the intricacies of instructional systems and discover how effective teaching strategies, learner-controlled inputs, and evolving educational technologies can transform higher education. Gain insights into the roles of teachers as system designers, the impact of communication aids, and the future of online assessments. Understanding these elements is crucial for enhancing learning outcomes and improving educational practices in today’s dynamic academic environment.

Instruction in Higher Education

1 Instructional System

  1. Learning and Instruction
  2. Concept of System
  3. Instructional System
  4. Systems Approach to Instruction
  5. Selection of Instructional Inputs
  6. Effectiveness and Efficiency
  7. Role of the Teacher in the Instructional System

2 Input Alternatives – Teacher Controlled

  1. What is a Lecture?
  2. Steps in a Lecture
  3. Different Approaches to Content Treatment and Information Processing
  4. Lecture in Combination with Other Methods and Media
  5. Versatility of Lecture
  6. Demonstration
  7. Team Teaching

3 Input Alternatives – Learner Controlled

  1. Input Alternatives – Learner Controlled: The Concept
  2. Self-Learning
  3. Forms of Self-Learning
  4. Programmed Instruction/Learning
  5. Personalised System of Instruction
  6. Computer-Assisted Instruction
  7. Project Work
  8. Group-Controlled Learning Experiences
  9. Co-operative Learning Method
  10. Group Investigation

4 Evolving Instructional Strategies

  1. What is an instructional strategy?
  2. Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain
  3. Affective Domain of the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
  4. Psychomotor Domain of the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
  5. Specifying the Objectives in Behavioral Terms
  6. Difference Between Instructional Objectives, Goals of Education, Terminal Behaviors, and Learning Outcomes
  7. Evolving Instructional Strategy
  8. Dale’s Cone of Experience
  9. Evolving Instructional Strategies – Some Parameters

5 Unit and Topic Planning

  1. Unit Plan
  2. Planning the Daily Topic/Lesson
  3. Statement of General and Specific Objectives
  4. Introduction or Opener
  5. Presentation or Development Section
  6. Recapitulation or Closing Section
  7. Example of a Lesson Plan

6 Teacher Competence in Higher Education

  1. The Concept of Teacher Competence
  2. Teacher Competencies at the Tertiary Level
  3. Classification of Teacher Competencies
  4. Repertoire of Teaching Competencies
  5. How to Improve Classroom Practice
  6. Teacher’s Self-Improvement

7 Skills Associated with a Good Lecture

  1. Content Organisation
  2. Preparing Lecturing Notes
  3. Activities During the Introductory Phase of a Lecture
  4. Activities During the Development Phase
  5. Activities During the Consolidation Phase
  6. Skills Associated with the Delivery of a Lecture
  7. Questioning Skills
  8. Pitfalls Associated with Lecturing

8 Skills Associated with the Conduct of Interaction Sessions

  1. Nature and Importance of an Interaction Session
  2. Tasks Undertaken in an Interaction Session
  3. Types of Discussion
  4. Formats for Group Discussion
  5. Arranging an Interaction Session
  6. Conducting an Interaction Session
  7. Follow-up of an Interaction Session
  8. Seating Plan for an Interaction Session
  9. Norms During an Interaction Session

9 Skills of Using Communication Aids

  1. Classroom Instruction and Communication Aids
  2. Classification of Communication Aids
  3. Skills of Using Some Non-Projected Aids
  4. Skills of Using Some Projected Aids
  5. Computer and Computer-Assisted Instruction Learning
  6. Integration of Communication Aids with Interaction Techniques
  7. Improvisation of Teaching Aids

10 Emerging Communication and Information Technologies

  1. Future Trends: Emerging Technologies in Education
  2. Audio-Video Technology
  3. Computer Technology
  4. Telecommunications and Networks
  5. Internet and Intranet

11 Status of Evaluation in Higher Education-I

  1. Historical background of examinations and examination reform
  2. The introduction of standardized tests
  3. The testing movement
  4. The reform movement in India
  5. Educational evaluation in the teaching-learning process
  6. Basic concepts in educational evaluation
  7. Role of objectives and evaluation in the teaching-learning process
  8. Tests and Examinations
  9. Examination as the stumbling block for qualitative assessment
  10. Defects in present-day examinations
  11. Examinations dominate teaching

12 Status of Evaluation in Higher Education-II

  1. Examination reforms – Significant aspects
  2. Reformulation of syllabus
  3. Nature of examinations and question papers
  4. Question banks
  5. Internal assessment
  6. Grading
  7. National testing service

13 Evaluation Situations in Higher Education-I

  1. Norm-referenced testing and criterion-referenced testing
  2. Formative and summative tests
  3. Cognitive and non-cognitive assessment of learning outcomes
  4. Tools and techniques for assessment of cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes

14 Evaluation Situations in Higher Education-II

  1. Evaluation of Laboratory Work
  2. Evaluation of Students’ Performance in Seminars or Similar Group-Controlled Learning Situations
  3. Evaluation of Project Work and Dissertation
  4. Internal Assessment Versus External Examination
  5. Various Types of Evaluation

15 Mechanics of Evaluation- I

  1. Framing-test items and question papers
  2. Outlining the subject matter content
  3. Identifying and stating the desired learning outcomes
  4. Different forms of test items or questions
  5. Essay type items/questions
  6. Short-answer type questions
  7. Very short answer type questions
  8. Selection type or fixed response type items or questions
  9. Essay type and objective type items compared
  10. Preparing a good question paper
  11. Preparing a Table of Specifications (Blueprint)

16 Mechanics of Evaluation-II

  1. Essential characteristics of an effective tool of evaluation
  2. Parameters concerning an evaluation item
  3. Item analysis
  4. Question banks
  5. Examination reform and question banks

17 Processing Evaluation Data

  1. Marking and grading systems
  2. The Marking system
  3. The standard error of measurement
  4. The Grading system
  5. Merits and limitations of grading system
  6. University Grants Commission recommendations on the grading system
  7. Upgraded data
  8. Test norms
  9. Computation of test norms

18 Alternative Evaluation Procedures

  1. Alternative Techniques of Evaluation
  2. Observational Technique
  3. Observation Schedule
  4. Anecdotal Records
  5. Rating Scales
  6. Checklists
  7. Score Cards
  8. Self-Reporting Techniques
  9. Interview
  10. Portfolio
  11. Questionnaires
  12. Inventories
  13. Peer Appraisal
  14. Processing Qualitative Evaluation Data
  15. Reporting the Results of Evaluation

19 Online/Web-Based Student Assessment

  1. Computers in Student Evaluation
  2. Electronic Delivery of Objective Tests
  3. Possibilities in Subjective Tests
  4. Methodologies of Essay Evaluators
  5. Other Tests Suitable for Online/Web-Based Assessment
  6. Advantages of Online/Web-Based Student Assessment
  7. Offline Use of Computers in Student Assessment